Investigations on anticancer activity of Eu3+ doped hydroxyapatite nanocomposites against MCF7 and 4T1 breast cancer cell lines: A structural and luminescence Perspective.

Breast cancer remains a significant global health concern, necessitating the development of novel therapeutic approaches. In this study, we investigate the role of Eu3+ doped hydroxyapatite nanocomposites (Han: Eu3+) in the treatment of MCF7 and 4T1 breast cancer cell lines. Furthermore, we explored the structural and luminescent properties of these nanocomposites. Han: Eu3+ were synthesized using a modified co-precipitation method, and their morphology and crystal structure were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) in which the average crystalline size of Han: Eu3+ was found to be 25 nm, rendering them suitable for cellular uptake and targeted therapy. To gain insights into the luminescent properties of Han: Eu3+, their excitation and emission spectra were recorded using photoluminescence spectrometer. The characteristic red emission of Eu3+ ions was observed upon excitation, validating the successful doping of Eu3+ into the Han lattice, which was confirmed by the CIE chromaticity coordinate study. These luminescent properties of Han: Eu3+ hold promise for potential applications in bioimaging. To evaluate the efficacy of Han: Eu3+ in breast cancer treatment, MCF7 and 4T1 cell lines were exposed to varying concentrations of the nanocomposites. Cell viability assays revealed a concentration-dependent reduction in cell viability, indicating the potential anticancer activity of Han: Eu3+. The findings of this study contribute to the expanding field of nanomedicine, bringing targeted breast cancer treatments and us closer to more effective.

Fluidized Immobilized Carbon Catalytic Oxidation Reactor for Treating Domestic Wastewater.

Treating wastewater and reusing it have become normal in the present era since the scarcity of fresh water prevails in many parts of the world. There are numerous techniques for treating domestic wastewater, and many have been explored to advance the ones already in use. This study is taken up to explore the new technology called fluidized immobilized carbon catalytic oxidation (FICCO). Usually, both organic and inorganic materials are present in residential wastewater. In this study, catalyst-activated carbon produced from rice husk is added to a FICCO reactor to test the effectiveness of decreasing organic contaminants in wastewater. Six FICCO models were fabricated in this research study, and tests were conducted. The effectiveness of COD and BOD removal was investigated using six FICCO models with activated carbon made from rice husk as a catalyst and presented in this paper. The FICCO reactor was also used to treat organic contaminants such as surfactants, starch, oil, and protein with rice husk as activated carbon as a catalyst. Organic pollutants used the FICCO reactor; COD removal varied from 75.6% to 92.4%, BOD removal ranged from 74.9% to 89.5% at the optimum contact time, and catalyst rice husk-activated carbon application. The optimum catalyst dosage was 12 g per 620 ml of wastewater, which is the capacity of each reactor and a substantial reduction in sludge.

Therapeutic Applications of Magnetotactic Bacteria and Magnetosomes: A Review Emphasizing on the Cancer Treatment.

Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are aquatic microorganisms have the ability to biomineralize magnetosomes, which are membrane-enclosed magnetic nanoparticles. Magnetosomes are organized in a chain inside the MTB, allowing them to align with and traverse along the earth's magnetic field. Magnetosomes have several potential applications for targeted cancer therapy when isolated from the MTB, including magnetic hyperthermia, localized medication delivery, and tumour monitoring. Magnetosomes features and properties for various applications outperform manufactured magnetic nanoparticles in several ways. Similarly, the entire MTB can be regarded as prospective agents for cancer treatment, thanks to their flagella's ability to self-propel and the magnetosome chain's ability to guide them. MTBs are conceptualized as nanobiots that can be guided and manipulated by external magnetic fields and are driven to hypoxic areas, such as tumor sites, while retaining the therapeutic and imaging characteristics of isolated magnetosomes. Furthermore, unlike most bacteria now being studied in clinical trials for cancer treatment, MTB are not pathogenic but might be modified to deliver and express certain cytotoxic chemicals. This review will assess the current and prospects of this burgeoning research field and the major obstacles that must be overcome before MTB can be successfully used in clinical treatments.

Synthesis and luminescence properties of Pr3+ ion-doped Ba3 Y(PO4 )3 phosphors.

Barium yttrium phosphate (BYP) phosphor doped with trivalent praseodymium ions (BaY(1-x) (PO4 )3 :Pr3+ (x = 0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2 wt%) was synthesized using a high temperature solid-state reaction method. Structural properties were analyzed through X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. XRD patterns confirmed the structure of the synthesized phosphor and average crystalline size was estimated (approximately 63.8 Å). Vibrational functional groups were identified using FTIR spectroscopy. The emission spectrum was recorded under an 444 nm excitation wavelength, which showed various emission transitions of Pr3+ ions. Commission Internationale de l'éclairage coordinates, colour purity, and colour correlated temperature values were calculated for the BYP:Pr3+ phosphors and these coordinate values fell in the yellow region of the visible spectrum.

Assessment of immunogenicity and protective efficacy of ZyCoV-D DNA vaccine candidates in Rhesus macaques against SARS-CoV-2 infection

Vaccines remain the key protective measure to achieve herd immunity to control the disease burden and stop COVID-19 pandemic. We have developed and assessed the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of two formulations (1mg and 2mg) of ZyCoV-D (a plasmid DNA based vaccine candidates) administered through Needle Free Injection System (NFIS) and syringe-needle (intradermal) in rhesus macaques with three dose vaccine regimens. The vaccine candidate 2mg dose administered using Needle Free Injection System (NFIS) elicited a significant immune response with development of SARS-CoV-2 S1 spike region specific IgG and neutralizing antibody (NAb) titers during the immunization phase and significant enhancement in the levels after the virus challenge. In 2 mg NFIS group the IgG and NAb titers were maintained and showed gradual rise during the immunization period (15 weeks) and till 2 weeks after the virus challenge. It also conferred better protection to macaques evident by the viral clearance from nasal swab, throat swab and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid specimens in comparison with macaques from other immunized groups. In contrast, the animals from placebo group developed high levels of viremia and lung disease following the virus challenge. Besides this, the vaccine candidate also induced increase lymphocyte proliferation and cytokines response (IL-6, IL-5).The administration of the vaccine candidate with NFIS generated a better immunogenicity response in comparison to syringe-needle (intradermal route). The study demonstrated immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the vaccine candidate, ZyCoV-D in rhesus macaques.

Enhanced Supercapacitive Performance of Higher-Ordered 3D-Hierarchical Structures of Hydrothermally Obtained ZnCo2O4 for Energy Storage Devices.

The demand for eco-friendly renewable energy resources as energy storage and management devices is increased due to their high-power density and fast charge/discharge capacity. Recently, supercapacitors have fascinated due to their fast charge-discharge capability and high-power density along with safety. Herein, the authors present the synthesis of 3D-hierarchical peony-like ZnCo2O4 structures with 2D-nanoflakes by a hydrothermal method using polyvinylpyrrolidone. The reaction time was modified to obtain two samples (ZCO-6h and ZCO-12h) and the rest of the synthesis conditions were the same. The synthesized structures were systematically studied through various techniques: their crystalline characteristics were studied through XRD analysis, their morphologies were inspected through SEM and TEM, and the elemental distribution and oxidation states were studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). ZCO-12h sample has a larger surface area (55.40 m2·g-1) and pore size (24.69 nm) than ZCO-6h, enabling high-speed transport of ions and electrons. The ZCO-12h electrode showed a high-specific capacitance of 421.05 F·g-1 (31.52 C·g-1) at 1 A·g-1 and excellent cycle performance as measured by electrochemical analysis. Moreover, the morphologic characteristics of the prepared hierarchical materials contributed significantly to the improvement of specific capacitance. The excellent capacitive outcomes recommend the 3D-ZnCo2O4 hierarchical peony-like structures composed of 2D-nanoflakes as promising materials for supercapacitors with high-performance.

Hemin attenuated oxidative stress and inflammation to improve wound healing in diabetic rats.

Oxidative stress and persistent inflammation play crucial role in the progression of diabetic wound complications. Hemeoxgenase-1 (HO-1) by degrading hemin has been shown to display anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Further, hemin is a potent HO-1 inducer. Thus, the current study was aimed to evaluate the effect of topical application of hemin on diabetic wound in rats. Four hundred square millimeter open excision wound were created 2 weeks after induction of diabetes with single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg), and the diabetic rats were divided into three groups namely diabetic control, hemin, and tin protoporphyrin (SnPPIX). Ointment base, hemin (0.5% in ointment base), and SnPPIX (0.5% in ointment base) were applied topically to wounded area in diabetic control, hemin, and SnPPIX group rats, respectively, twice daily for 19 days. Hemin significantly increased the wound contraction in comparison to control and SnPPIX-treated rats. Time-dependent analysis revealed significant increase in anti-oxidants with concomitant decrease in oxidants in hemin-treated rats as compared to diabetic control rats. Further, mRNA expression decreased for inflammatory cytokine and increased for anti-inflammatory cytokine in hemin group as compared to diabetic control rats. Expression of HO-1 also increased in hemin group as compared to diabetic control rats. However, SnPPIX group results were in disagreement with results of hemin which is clearly reflected in histopathology. Results indicate the ability of hemin to accelerate wound healing in diabetic rats by combating inflammation and oxidative stress probably via HO-1.

Bacopa phospholipid complex retrieves aluminum maltolate complex-induced oxidative stress and apoptotic alterations in the brain regions of albino rat.

Highly bioavailable plant phospholipid complex that can reverse aluminum maltolate (AlM)-induced toxicity is not yet reported. Hence, the present study was planned to investigate the impact of oxidative stress and apoptotic changes provoked by Al and ameliorative role of Bacopa phospholipid complex (BPC) in albino rats. The levels of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase activity (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBA-RS) were measured and immunohistochemistry analysis of apoptotic markers, Bax and Bcl-2, was done from the four brain regions such as the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata. The levels of antioxidant enzymes and apoptotic markers that were decreased on AlM induction showed a significant increase in their levels, almost as observed in the control, when treated with BPC and Bm. Our results indicate that both BPC and Bm showed a therapeutic effect against AlM toxicity; however, it was found that the therapeutic potential of BPC was more pronounced than Bm against AlM-induced neurotoxicity.

Lasing transition at 1.06 µm emission in Nd3+ -doped borate-based tellurium calcium zinc niobium oxide glasses for high-power solid-state lasers.

The spectroscopic properties of Tellurium Calcium Zinc Niobium oxide Borate (TCZNB) glasses of composition (in mol%) 10TeO2  + 15CaO + 5ZnO + 10 Nb2 O5  + (60 - x)B2 O3  + Nd2 O3 (x = 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 or 1.5 mol%) have been investigated experimentally. The three phenomenological intensity parameters Ω2 , Ω4, Ω6 have been calculated using the Judd-Ofelt theory and in turn radiative properties such as radiative transition probabilities, emission cross-sections, branching ratios and radiative lifetimes have been estimated. The trend found in the JO intensity parameter is Ω2  > Ω6  > Ω4 If Ω6  > Ω4 , the glass system is favourable for the laser emission 4 F3/2  â†’ 4 I11/2 in the infrared (IR) wavelength. The experimental values of branching ratio of 4 F3/2  â†’ 4 I11/2 transition indicate favourable lasing action with low threshold power. The evaluated total radiative transition probabilities (AT ), stimulated emission cross-section (σe ) and gain bandwidth parameters (σe  × Δλp ) were compared with earlier reports. An energy level analysis has been carried out considering the experimental energy positions of the absorption and emission bands.

Combined effect of substance P and curcumin on cutaneous wound healing in diabetic rats.

BACKGROUND: Our earlier studies demonstrated that topically applied substance P (SP) or curcumin on excision skin wound accelerated the wound healing in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the wound healing potential of combination of SP and curcumin in diabetic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Open cutaneous excision wound was created on the back of each of the 60 diabetic rats. Wound-inflicted rats were equally divided into three groups namely, control, gel treated, and SP + curcumin treated. Normal saline, pluronic gel, and SP (0.5 × 10-6M) + curcumin (0.15%) were topically applied once daily for 19 d to these control, gel-treated, and SP + curcumin groups, respectively. RESULTS: SP + curcumin combination significantly accelerated wound closure and decreased messenger RNA expressions of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta, and matrix metalloproteinase-9, whereas the combination markedly increased the expressions of interleukin-10, vascular endothelial growth factor, transforming growth factor-beta1, hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha, stromal cell-derived factors-1alpha, heme oxygenase-1 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase, and activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase in granulation-healing tissue, compared with control and gel-treated groups. In combination group, granulation tissue was better, as was evidenced by improved fibroblast proliferation, collagen deposition, microvessel density, growth-associated protein 43-positive nerve fibers, and thick regenerated epithelial layer. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of SP and curcumin accelerated wound healing in diabetic rats and both the drugs were compatible at the doses used in this study.

Effects on the reproductive system of young male rats of subcutaneous exposure to n-butylparaben.

This study was aimed at determining whether an in vivo subcutaneous exposure to n-butylparaben (n-ButP) during one complete spermatogenic cycle could be harmful to the reproductive system of young male rats. Animals were subcutaneously given 0, 150, 300 and 600 mg/kg/day of n-ButP with vehicle (peanut oil). Body and organ weights, n-ButP excretion, biochemical parameters, sperm and spermatid count, sperm motility, viability, maturity and morphology were examined. Results showed that after a completed spermatogenic cycle, although n-ButP did not induce dose-related changes in the different biochemical parameters, a significant decrease of triacylglicerides (TAG) -due to the vehicle-was found. Furthermore, no effects of n-ButP on body weight gain and relative organ weight changes were noted. Regarding sexual organs, prostate relative weight was significantly increased at the high dose of n-ButP. On the other hand, a significant increase of abnormal sperm morphology due to n-ButP exposure, accompanied by different alterations in sexual organs histopathology, was found. The current results indicate that subcutaneous exposure of n-ButP in young male rats induced toxic effects on the reproductive system, which could affect the capacity of fertilization of animals.

Phosphorylation: Implications in Cancer.

Post translational modifications (PTMs) are involved in variety of cellular activities and phosphorylation is one of the most extensively studied PTM, which regulates a number of cellular functions like cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis and cell signaling in healthy condition. However, alterations in phosphorylation pathways result in serious outcomes in the form of diseases, especially cancer. Many signalling pathways including Tyrosine kinase, MAP kinase, Cadherin-catenin complex, Cyclin-dependent kinase etc. are major players of the cell cycle and deregulation in their phosphorylation-dephosphorylation cascade has been shown to be manifested in the form of various types of cancers. Tyrosine kinase family encompasses the greatest number of oncoproteins. MAPK cascade has an importance role in cancer growth and progression. Bcl-2 family proteins serve either proapoptotic or antiapoptotic function. Cadherin-catenin complex regulates cell adhesion properties and cyclins are the key regulators of cell cycle. Altered phosphorylations in any of the above pathways are strongly associated with cancer, at the same time they serve as the potential tergets for drug development against cancer. Drugs targeting tyrosine kinase are potent anticancer drugs. Inhibitors of MEK, PI3K and ERK signalling pathways are undergoing clinical trials. Thus, drugs targeting phosphorylation pathways represent a promising area for cancer therapy.

Oxygen Vacancy-Induced Structural, Optical, and Enhanced Supercapacitive Performance of Zinc Oxide Anchored Graphitic Carbon Nanofiber Hybrid Electrodes.

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) anchored to carbon nanofiber (CNF) hybrids were synthesized using a facile coprecipitation method. This report demonstrates an effective strategy to intrinsically improve the conductivity and supercapacitive performance of the hybrids by inducing oxygen vacancies. Oxygen deficiency-related defect analyses were performed qualitatively as well as quantitatively using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. All of the analyses clearly indicate an increase in oxygen deficiencies in the hybrids with an increase in the vacuum-annealing temperature. The nonstoichiometric oxygen vacancy is mainly induced via the migration of the lattice oxygen into interstitial sites at elevated temperature (300 °C), followed by diffusion into the gaseous phase with further increase in the annealing temperature (600 °C) in an oxygen-deficient atmosphere. This induction of oxygen vacancy is corroborated by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, which depicts the oxygen-vacancy-induced bandgap narrowing of the ZnO NPs within the hybrids. At a current density of 3 A g(-1), the hybrid electrode exhibited higher energy density (119.85 Wh kg(-1)) and power density (19.225 kW kg(-1)) compared to a control ZnO electrode (48.01 Wh kg(-1) and 17.687 kW kg(-1)). The enhanced supercapacitive performance is mainly ascribed to the good interfacial contact between CNF and ZnO, high oxygen deficiency, and fewer defects in the hybrid. Our results are expected to provide new insights into improving the electrochemical properties of various composites/hybrids.

Bacopa monniera Stabilized Silver Nanoparticles Attenuates Oxidative Stress Induced by Aluminum in Albino Mice.

In the recent years usage of nanomedicine plays a promising strategy in the improvement of medical treatment. The ecofriendly synthesized silver nanoparticles has introduced a new opportunity to increase the efficacy of drug by reducing its side effects. In the present study, we investigated the antioxidant property of Bacopa monniera stabilized silver nanoparticles against aluminum induced toxicity in albino mice. Forty male albino mice were randomly divided into five groups. First group was treated as control, second group received aluminum acetate (5 mg/kg b . w), third group received Bacopa monniera extract (5 mg/kg b . w), fourth group received BmSNPs (5 mg/kg b . w), fifth group received aluminum acetate plus BmSNPs. Exposure to aluminum acetate significantly increased lipid peroxidation levels with a significant decrease in the antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities in the brain, liver and kidney of mice. Degenerative changes were also observed in brain, liver and kidney of aluminum treated mice. No significant changes in the oxidative stress were observed in the Bacopa monniera and BmSNPs alone treated mice. Whereas, co-administration of BmSNPs to Al treated mice showed a significant decrease in lipid peroxidation levels with a significant increase of SOD, CAT and GPx indicating the antioxidant potential of nanoparticles and in counteracting Al induced oxidative stress and histological response in male albino mice. These findings clearly implicate that BmSNPs are able to eradicate the oxidative stress and prevent the tissue damage in aluminum exposed mice.

Biogenic Preparation of Gold Nanostructures Reduced from Piper longum Leaf Broth and Their Electrochemical Studies.

Exploitation of green chemical procedures for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles by biological process has received great attention in the field of nanotechnology. To demonstrate a biogenic method that involves the reduction of aqueous gold ions by the extract of Piper longum leaves leading to the formation of different morphological gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The formation of gold nano-structures has been characterized by UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns indicates the AuNPs are highly crystalline nature with the face-centered cubic (111), (200), (220) and (311) facets, respectively. The AuNPs have different sizes and morphologies that are identified by TEM studies. The involvement of water soluble bio-molecules such as carboxylic acids, flavonoids, proteins and terpenoids were identified by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and Raman spectrum. The responsible mechanism of improving acidic nature and the process of encapsulation of gold nanoparticles by Piper longum extract was discussed. Additionally, we have demonstrated the modified carbon paste electrode using gold nanoparticles by means of cyclic voltammetry in a solution of 1 M KCI and 1 mM [Fe(CN)6]3-/4-. The analysis of cyclic voltammetry shows electronic transmission rate between modified Au-CPE and Bare-CPE electrode increased.

Signaling Pathways and MicroRNA Changes in Nano-TiO2 Treated Human Lung Epithelial (BEAS-2B) Cells.

The effect of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nano-TiO2 Degussa p25) treatment of human lung epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) was examined by analyzing changes in messenger [mRNA] and microRNA [miRNA]. BEAS-2B cells were treated with 0, 3, 10, 30 or 100 µg/ml nano-TiO2 for 1 day (for mRNA analysis) or 3 days (for miRNA analysis). Differentially expressed mRNA and miRNA were analyzed using Affymetrix microarrays and Affymetrix miRNA microarrays, respectively. Although, the tested doses were not cytotoxic, there were alterations in both mRNA and miRNA expression. The expression of mRNA/miRNA changes were examined in MetaCore (GeneGo) and IPA (Ingenuity Pathway Analysis) to delineate associated canonical/signaling pathways. Canonical/signaling pathways altered by nano-TiO2 treatments included: cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, calcium signaling, translation, NRF2-mediated oxidative response, IGF1 signaling, RAS signaling, PI3K/AKT signaling, cytoskeleton remodeling, cell adhesion, BMP signaling, and inflammatory response. Many of the genes in these pathways are known to be regulated by the miRNAs whose expressions were altered by the nano-TiO2 treatment. The miRNA 17-92 cluster and let-7 miRNA family that are involved in lung cancer formation were altered by nano-TiO2 treatment. The miR-17-92 cluster, an oncogenic microRNA cluster, is induced while the tumor suppressor microRNA, let-7 family, is suppressed. The changes of let-7/KRAS signaling pathway was observed in all the doses treated. The observed changes in miRNA expression introduces an additional mechanistic dimension that supports the significance of the observed mRNA expression changes, and demonstrated that the nano-TiO2 in vitro treatment in human lung cells can cause diverse but coordinated pathway alterations associated with changes in in vivo response to tumorigenes.

Topical application of substance P promotes wound healing in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

Substance P (SP) is known to stimulate angiogenesis, fibroblasts proliferation and expressions of cytokines and growth factors involved in wound healing. However, SP level reduces in dermis in diabetics and, hence, it was hypothesized that exogenously applied SP could be helpful in improving wound healing in diabetic rats. Excision skin wound was created on the back of diabetic rats and rats were divided into three groups i.e. (i) saline-, (ii) gel- and (iii) SP-treated. Normal saline, pluronic gel and SP (10(-6)M) in gel were topically applied once daily for 19days. SP treatment significantly increased the wound closure, levels of interleukin-10, and expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor, transforming growth factor-beta1, heme oxygenase-1 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase, whereas it significantly decreased the expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta and matrix metalloproteinases-9 in the granulation/healing tissue. The inflammatory cells were present for long time in normal saline-treated group. Histological evaluation revealed better extracellular matrix formation with marked fibroblast proliferation and collagen deposition in SP-treated group. Early epithelial layer formation, increased microvessel density and greater growth associated protein-43 positive nerve fibers were also evidenced in SP-treated group. In conclusion, SP treatment markedly accelerated cutaneous wound healing in diabetic rats.

Ameliorative Effect of Tephrosia Purpurea in Arsenic-induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats.

OBJECTIVES: The present investigation was conducted to evaluate the nephroprotective activity of Tephrosia purpurea (TPE) against arsenic-induced toxicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty four number of wistar rats were equally divided into three groups. Sodium arsenite (10 mg/kg) was orally given to group I for 28 days, additionally group II was orally treated with TPE (500 mg/kg), while the control group was kept untreated with neither arsenic nor TPE. Serum biomarker levels, oxidative stress indices and arsenic concentration in kidney were estimated. Histopathology of kidney was also conducted. RESULTS: Group II animals show significantly reduced blood urea nitrogen and plasma creatinine, and increased serum albumin level compared to group I. The higher lipid peroxidation with exhausted superoxide dismutase activity and reduced glutathione level were noticed in group I compared to group II. There was no significant difference in arsenic accumulation in kidneys between the two arsenic treated groups, but the histopathology of kidney of group II rats revealed reduced necrosis and intact tubular architecture as compared to group I. CONCLUSIONS: Tephrosia Purpurea extract has a significant role in protecting the animals from arsenic-induced nephrotoxicity.

Cellular interactions and biological responses to titanium dioxide nanoparticles in HepG2 and BEAS-2B cells: role of cell culture media.

We showed previously that exposure of human lung cells (BEAS-2B) to TiO2 nanoparticles (nano-TiO2 ) produced micronuclei (MN) only when the final concentration of protein in the cell-culture medium was at least 1%. Nanoparticles localize in the liver; thus, we exposed human liver cells (HepG2) to nano-TiO2 and found the same requirement for MN induction. Nano-TiO2 also formed small agglomerates in medium containing as little as 1% protein and caused cellular interaction as measured by side scatter by flow cytometry and DNA damage (comet assay) in HepG2 cells. Nano-TiO2 also increased the activity of the inflammatory factor NFkB but not of AP1 in a reporter-gene HepG2 cell line. Suspension of nano-TiO2 in medium containing 0.1% protein was sufficient for induction of MN by the nanoparticles in either BEAS-2B or HepG2 cells as long the final concentration of protein in the cell-culture medium was at least 1%.

Investigating oxidative stress and inflammatory responses elicited by silver nanoparticles using high-throughput reporter genes in HepG2 cells: effect of size, surface coating, and intracellular uptake.

Silver nanoparticles (Ag NP) have been shown to generate reactive oxygen species; however, the association between physicochemical characteristics of nanoparticles and cellular stress responses elicited by exposure has not been elucidated. Here, we examined three key stress-responsive pathways activated by Nrf-2/ARE, NFκB, and AP1 during exposure to Ag NP of two distinct sizes (10 and 75 nm) and coatings (citrate and polyvinylpyrrolidone), as well as silver nitrate (AgNO3), and CeO2 nanoparticles. The in vitro assays assessed the cellular response in a battery of stable luciferase-reporter HepG2 cell lines. We further assessed the impact of Ag NP and AgNO3 exposure on cellular redox status by measuring glutathione depletion. Lastly, we determined intracellular Ag concentration by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) and re-analyzed reporter-gene data using these values to estimate the relative potencies of the Ag NPs and AgNO3. Our results show activation of all three stress response pathways, with Nrf-2/ARE displaying the strongest response elicited by each Ag NP and AgNO3 evaluated here. The smaller (10-nm) Ag NPs were more potent than the larger (75-nm) Ag NPs in each stress-response pathway, and citrate-coated Ag NPs had higher intracellular silver concentrations compared with both PVP-coated Ag NP and AgNO3. The cellular stress response profiles after Ag NP exposure were similar to that of AgNO3, suggesting that the oxidative stress and inflammatory effects of Ag NP are likely due to the cytotoxicity of silver ions.